Geography - Law Giri

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June 3, 2021 at 3:56 pm #26327

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GEOGRAPHY

Everything that exists, from the Galactic Super clusters to the tiniest subatomic particles, comprises the Universe. Among the various theories on the origin of universe including the steady state and the pulsating universe theories, the one most widely accepted has been the Big Bang theory. This theory traces the origin to a primordial explosion of super-compressed cosmic matter, the explosion of super-compressed cosmic matter, the energy of which has sustained the continuous expansion of universe. However, some recent theories have questioned the very fundamentals of the Big Bang theory.

As for the age of Universe, Galaxies that are huge congregation of gravity. Optical and radio telescope studies indicate the existence of about 100 billion galaxies in the visible universe. Galaxies occur in there structural forms: spiral, Elliptical and Irregular. Spiral galaxies have a central nucleus with great spiraling arms trailing around them. Examples include our Milky Way and the Andromeda galaxies. Elliptical galaxies are without spiraling arms and Irregular ones have no clear shape.

Stars account for most of the galactic mass. They tend to form groups called constellations. Lone stars are a rarity. Stars that appear single are often double stars or binaries revolving around a common centre of gravity.

The Solar System

The solar system comprises the sun and its eight planet which revolve round the sun in elliptical orbits. Other than there, the solar system also includes the natural satellites of the planets, several thousand minor planets called asteroids or planetoids and a large number of comets.

The Sun

The sun is made up of extremely hot gases. The sun has a surface temperature of 6000°C and increases to 20 million °C in the core. The age of the sun is about 5 billion year and its expected life about 10 billion years. It is mainly made of hydrogen & Helium. It is 149, 598, 900 km far away from the earth. The nearest star form the earth other than the sun is the Proxima Century.

The planets of the solar system can be categorized into two groups:

(i) Terrestrial planet

(ii) The giant planets

Terrestrial planets are the planets of the inner circle and comprise Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. The Giant planets are the planets of outer circle and comprises Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

The planets of the solar system according to their distance from the sun can be arranged in increasing order as Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. All the planets revolve round the sun in the same direction. The planets have rotator motion too. All the planets except Venus and Uranus rotate in the same direction of their revolution.

The description of all eight planets are as follows;

THE PLANETARY SYSTEM: VITAL STATASTICS

Planet	Mean Distance from Sun (in km)	Relative Period of Revolution	Relative Period of Rotation (Earth = 1 day)	Diameter (`000 km)	Relative Mass (Earth = Satellites)	Number of known Satellites	Surface Temp. (in °C)	Density (Water = 1)
Mercury	58			4.9	0.06	0	+350° (day) -170° (night)	5.43
Venus	108			12	0.8	0	+475°	5.24
Earth	150			12.8	1	1	+15°	5.52
Mars	228			7	0.1	2	-22°	3.94
Jupiter	778			143	318	16	-123°	1.33
Saturn	1457			121	95	23	-180°	0.70
Uranus	2869			47	15	15	-218°	1.30
Neptune	4498			45	17	8	-2283.94	1.76

Mercury: Among the eight planets, Mercury is the smallest and closest to the sun. It rotates on its own axis in 58.65 days and takes 88 days to complete one revolution around the sun. Thus it is the fastest planet in the solar system. It has no satellite.

Venus: It is the next closest planet to the sun. it is nearest to the Earth. It is often considered Earth’s twin because of their close proximity in size, mass and density. It is also the brightest planet and that is why it is known as the evening star and morning star. It is the hottest planet because its atmosphere is full of which provides green house effect. It has no satellite. It is 6^th largest planet.

The Earth: It is the third closest planet to the sun and fifth largest planet. No other planet is in any way comparable to Earth which has life. It is also called blue planet because of presence of water on it. It has natural satellite, the Moon. It takes 24h (23h 56 minutes and 40.91 seconds) to rotate on its axis. It takes 365 days, 5 hours and 48 minutes to revolve round the sun.

Mars: It is the fourth planet form the sun and next after the Earth. It has iron rich red soil and that is why it is also known as red planet. Astronomers believe that it is the next planet after Earth which has possibility of some plant life. It has polar caps similar to those of the earth and due to a tilt in its axis its each hemisphere gets summer and winter. It has two small satellites called Phobos (Fear) and Deimos (Terror).

Jupiter: It is the largest planet in the solar system. It surface is made up of many gases like hydrogen, helium and methane. It is distinguished form other planets by its circular light and dark bands. The most conspicuous aspect about Jupiter is its Great Red Spot. It has 16 Satellites. Prominent among them are Ganymede, Europe and Callisto. Ganymede is the largest satellite in the solar system. As it is very far from the sun its surface is very cold, probably about-130° C. it is called winter planet.

Saturn: It is the 2^nd largest planet and outermost planet visible to the naked eye. It is the least dense of all the planets. It is unique planet in terms of presence of system of rings. It has 21 satellites. Titan is its biggest satellite, having its own atmosphere.

Uranus: It is the seventh planet from the sun and the 3^rd largest planet in the solar system. It was discovered later with the help of telescope. It has 15 Satellite and most prominent among them are Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel and Titania.

Neptune: It is the farthest planet from the sun and the fourth largest planet in the solar system. It has 8 satellites and Triton and Nereid are the most conspicuous of them.

Satellites: These are bodies which revolve around the planets.

The Moon: The moon is the earth’s natural satellite and it revolves around the earth while rotating on its axis. It takes 27 days 7 hours 43 minutes and 11.47 seconds to complete one revolution and almost some time to rotate on its axis, that is why we see only one side of the moon. It is about 1/4^th the size of the Earth. It takes about 1.3 seconds for moon light to reach the earth. Whereas sunlight takes about 8 minutes and 16.6 seconds to reach the earth. The moon is the first member of the solar system to have been visited by man.

Asteroids

These are also known as minor planets. They are mostly found between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. They are a belt of debris which failed to assemble into planets and keep on revolving around the sun.

Meteors and Meteorites

These are also known as shooting stars. They are fragments of rocks coming towards the earth. Meteors are considerably small and due to heat produced by air resistance burn up before e they reach the Earth’s surface. Some Meteors and large and do not burn up completely, they land on the Earth’s surface and are known as Meteorites.

Comets

They derive their name from the Latin words stella cometa meaning hairy star. They move around the sun in regular orbits but their orbits are very elongated, that is why they take hundreds of years to complete one revolution. They become visible only when they travel close to the sun. Their ice melts and the gas and dust swept back into tail. Halley’s Comet last appeared in 1986 and it may reappear after 76 years.

The Earth’s Movement

The Earth rotates on its axis and due to this day and night are caused. The axis of the earth is inclined to the plane of the ecliptic at an angle of giving rise to different seasons and varying length of day and night. The Earth revolves round the sun and it takes days to complete one revolution.

Latitude: Latitude is the angular distance of a point on earth’s surface measured in degrees from the centre of the earth. It is parallel to a line equator which lies midway between the pole. The most important lines of latitude are the equator (0°), the tropic of Cancer (), the tropic of Capricorn ( S) the Aretic circle () and the Antaratic Circle ().

Longitudes: Longitude is an angular distance measured in degree along the equator east or west of prime meridian (0°) which is considered to by Greenwich mean time line. It is international date line. In India E is accepted as standard time line.

The Earth: Structure and Composition

The Earth is made of several concentric layers. The main layer are (1) Crust [30-35 km in thickness (average)] (2) [2900 km in thickness (average)](3) Core [3470 km in thickness (average)].

Crust: The outer layer 15 the earth’s crust- the lithosphere-which comprises of two parts; upper granitic rocks and lower basaltic rocks.

The Earth’s Crust is made up of various types of rocks which are generally classified into 3 major groups (i) igneous (ii) sedimentary, and (iii) metamorphic

Mantle: It is mainly composed of very dense rocks which is partly fluid. The upper part of the mantle is called the asthenosphere which is about 250 km thick. It is this part on which the continents and oceans rest.

The Earth has four distinct Spheres

Lithosphere: The top crust which includes the land surface and the ocean floor.
Hydrosphere: The water surface which includes oceans, seas, rivers and lakes.
Atmosphere: The cover of air that envelops the earth’s surface
Biosphere: The sphere where life exists.

Composition of the Earth

The Earth is made of more than 100 different elements. The important ones are:

Oxygen 46.5%

Silicon 27.72%

Aluminium 8.13%

Iron 5.01%

Lithosphere

The Earth’s crust consists of several tectonic plates -7 major and many small plates. Due to movements of these plates various landforms appear and disappear on the Earth’s surface.

Hydrosphere

The hydrosphere comprises large water bodies on the Earth. It consists of oceans and seas. It is estimated that 70.8% of the earth’s surface is covered by water bodies.

Atmosphere

The Atmosphere is the gaseous envelope that surrounds the Earth. It is bound to the Earth by the gravitational pull of the Earth. The composition of atmosphere is:

Nitrogen 78.09%

Oxygen 20.95%

Argon 0.93%

Minor gases (Carbondioxide etc.) 0.03%

Various Landforms

There are mainly three types of landforms Mountain, plateau and plain.

Mountain: Mountains make up a large proposition of the Earth’s surface. On the basis of origin there are four main types of mountains:

Fold Mountain: They are formed because of the folds in the rocks due to internal motion. The Himalayas, Rockies, Andes, Alps, Ural are examples of fold mountains.
Block Mountains: The middle part is lower and both the sides are higher. It forms rift valley. Black forest vindhychal and Satpura are example of block mountains.
Volcanic Mountains: They are formed from the materials came out of volcano. They are also called accumulated mountains. Mt. Fuji (Japan), Mt. Mayon (Philippines) are some of the examples.
Residual Mountains: They mountains are formed by denudation. Nilgriri, parasnath are some examples of this.

Plateaus: These are extensive upland areas characterized by flat and rough top surfaces and usually descend steeply to the surrounding lowland. They are great reserves of minerals.

Plains: Plains can be defined as flat areas with low height. The plains usually form the best land of a country and are often extensively cultivated. Population and settlements are normally concentrated here. When plains are traversed by rivers they becomes more economic important. Some of the great plains are Indo gengestic plains.

Forests: They are of the following types:

Tropical Evergreen Rain Forests: Such forests are found in the equatorial and the tropical regions having 200 cm or more annual rainfall. The leaves are very wide.
Tropical Deciduous Forests: Such forests are found in the tropical regions receiving rainfall less than 150 cm. Teak, saal, bamboo are found in such forest.
Coniferous Forests or Taiga: These are evergreen forests. The trees, in these forests, have straight-trunk, conical shape with relatively short branches and small needlelike leaves.
Tundra Forests: Such forests are covered with snow only Mosses, a few shrubs and Lichens grow here in the summer.

Grasslands

They can be divided into two types:

Tropical grassland: Savana in Africa campos in Brazil, Lanos in Venezuela and Colombia are tropical grassland.
Temperate Pastures: Prairies in US & Canada, pampas in Argentina, veld in South Africa, Downs in Australia and Newzealand, steppes in Asia.

Winds

Horizontal movement of air due to pressure difference causes formation of wind.

Types of Wind

Local Winds: Local winds are generated due to local differences in the temperature nad air pressure.

Hot local winds: Santa Ana (Mexico), Brick fielder (Australia), Sirocco, Harmattan (W. Africa), Khamsin (Egypt), Simoon (Sahara), Zonda (Paraguay).

Cold local winds: Bora (Yugoslavia), Buster (Australia), Buran (Europe), Mistral (France).

Trade Wind: These winds blow form subtropical high pressure areas towards equatorial low pressure belt. The blow constantly & steadily in the same direction, North eastern trades in Northern Hemisphere south Eastern trades in southern Hemisphere.
The Westerlies: In the Northern Hemisphere they blow form south west to North East and in southern Hemisphere. They blow from North West to South East.
Land and Sea Breeze: These winds or breezes are formed across the coastal strip, due to pressure gradient at the sea and land.
Periodic Winds: Some winds change their direction due to change in season. These winds are called periodic winds Monsoons are a type of periodic wind.
Mountain &Valley Winds: Due to heating & cooling of the mountain & valley these winds are formed.
Jet Streams: These are narrow meandering bands of swift winds which blow form West to East in the upper troposphere.

GEOGRAPHY OF WORLD

CONTINENTS

Asia

Asia is the world’s largest continent both in area and population, it accounts for roughly one third of the world’s land area and three fifth of its population.

Facts about Asia

Latitude: 10° S and 80° N

Longitude: 25° E and 170° W

Area: 44, 485, 900 sq. km. (approx)

Population: 3, 823 million (est. 2003)- 60.7% of world population.

Oceans and Seas: Africa Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, China Sea, Yellow Sea of Okhotsk, Bering Sea.

Highest and Lowest Points: Everest (8, 848 metres) and Dead Sea (396.8 metres) respectively.

Straits: Strait of Malacca, Bering Strait.

Lakes: Caspian Sea, Aral Sea, Lake Baikal, Lake Balkhash.

Islands: Kurile, Sakhalin, Honshu, Hokkaido, Taiwan, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Celebes, New Guinea, Philippines Sri Lanka, Bahrain, Cyprus.

Mountains: Pamir Knot, Himalayas, Karakoram, Kunlun, Tien Shan, Altai, Hindu Kush, Elbruz, Pontic, Sulaiman, Zagros, Taurus, Urals , Yablonovoi, Stanovoi.

Plateaus: Anatolia Plateau, plateau of Iran, Plateau of Arabia, Plateau of Tibet, Tarim Basin, Plateau of Mongolia, Plateau of Yunnan, Decan Plateau.

Peninsulas: Kamchatka Peninsula, Peninsula of Korea, Peninsula of Indo-China, Malay Peninsula, Indian Peninsula, Arabian Peninsula.

Deserts: Arabian Desert, Thar Desert, Gobi Desert.

River: Eupharates, Tigris, Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra, Hwang-ho, Yang-tse, Si-kiang, Amur, Lena Yenisei, Ob, Irrawady, Salween, Mekong.

Important Cities: Aden, Karachi, New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Colombo, Yangon (former Rangoon), Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok, Ho Chi Minh City (former Saigon), Singapore, Manila, Guangzhou (former Canton), Hong Kong, Shanghai, Tokyo.

Africa

Africa is the 2^nd largest continent in the world. It is surrounded by the Mediterranean in the north, the red sea and the Indian Ocean in the east and the Atlantic Ocean in the west.

Facts about Africa

Latitude: 35° N and 37° N

Longitude: 50° E and 17° W

Population: 851 million (est.2003) – 13.5% of world population.

Area: 30, 259, 680 sq. km. (approx) (20.4% of the world)

Ocean and Seas: Indian Ocean, Red Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Guinea, Mediterranean Sea.

Highest and Lowest Points: Kilimanjaro (5, 894 m) and Lake Assai (-156.1 m) respectively.

Straits: Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, Straits of Gibraltar.

Lakes: Victoria, Tanganyka, Malawi, Chad, Rudolf, Albert.

Island: Madagascar, Cape Verde Islands, the Comoros, Mauritius, Seychelles.

Mountains: Atlas, Drakensberg, Kilimanjaro.

Plateaus; plateau of Africa- the entire continent is a plateau

Deserts: Sahara, Kalahari,, Namib.

North America

North America, northern continent of Western Hemisphere, comprising U.S.A., Canada, Central America and the Caribbean, on west high chain of mountains, lower range in east and central plains. Climate varies considerably owing to wide range of latitude and altitude.

Latitude: 7°N and 84° N

Longitude: 20°W and 180 °W

Area: 24, 235, 280 sq. km (approx) (16.3%).

Population: 326 million (est.2003)- 5.2% of world population .

Major Deserts: Chihuahuan, Colorado, Mujave, Sonoran

Major Lakes: Lake Superior (largest sweet water lake in the world), Huron, Michigan, Great Slave, Great Bear, Erie, Ontario, etc.

Major rivers: Mississippi, Missourie, St. Lawrence, Mackenzie, Colorado, Hudson, Potomac, Ohio etc.

Ocean and Seas: Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of California, Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea, Hudson Bay.

Highest and Lowest points: Mckinley (6, 194 m) and Death Valley (-85.9 m) respectively.

Straits: Bering Strait

Islands: Greenlands, Baffin, Victoria, Newfoundland, cuba, Jamaica, Haiti.

Mountains: Rockies, Appalachain, Brooks, Kuskolkwin, Alaska Range, Cascade Range, Coastal Range, Sierra Nevada, Sierra Madre etc.

Plateaus: Columbia Plateau, Colorado Plateau, Mexican Plateau, Canadian Shield.

Agriculture: Temperate and tropical products, cereals, tobacco, sugarbeet, potatoes etc.

Minerals: Coal, petroleum, iron, manganese etc.

Industries: Ship building, occupied formerly by Red Indians; now mainly by Whites with many Blacks in the south.

Important Cities: New York, Washington D.C., Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Detroit, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Seattle, Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver, Mexico City, Havana Kinston, Ottawa etc.

Climate: Extending to within 10° of latitude of both the equator and the North Pole, North America has every climatic zone, form tropical rain forest and Savanna on the lowlands of Central America to areas of permanent ice cap, besides Sub-arctic and Tundra climates and arid as well as semi-arid zones.

South America

South America is the 4^th largest continent in the world. This continent has fourth-fifth area in the tropics. It is also known as Latin America as in this region most of the countries speak languages derived from Latin.

Facts about South America

Latitude: 12° N and 55° N

Longitude: 35° W and 81° W

Area: 17,820,770 sq. km (12%).

Population: 543 million (est.2003)- 8.6% of world population.

Ocean and Seas: Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Caribbean Sea.

Highest and Lowest Points: Aconcagua (6,960 m) and Valdes Penin (-39.9 m) respectively.

Straits: Straits of Magellan.

Lakes: Lake Maracaibo, Lake Titicaca

Islands: Galapagos, Falkland, Tierra del Fuego.

Mountains: Andes

Plateaus: Plateau of Bolivia, Plateau of Equador.

Desert: Atacama, Pantagonia.

Rivers: Amazon, Orinoco, Paraguay, Parana, Uruguay.

Important Cities: Buenos, Aires, Rio de Janeiro, Montivideo, Quito, Santiago, La Paz, Lima, Bogota, Valparaiso, Sao Paulo, Belem, Caracas, Manaus.

Europe

Europe is smallest continent. Among the 7 continents in the world, it ranks 6^th. It is bounded to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the Mediterranean Sea, Europe is separated by Asia by Ural mountains.

Facts about Europe

Latitude: 35°N and 73° N

Longitude: 25° W and 65° E

Area: 10,530,750 sq. km. (approx) (7.1%); greatest length north to south 3,860 km; breadth east to west 5,300 km.

Population: 726 million (est.2003)- 11.52% of world population.

Oceans and Seas: Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Caspian Sea, Black Sea, White Sea, North Sea, Norwegian Sea, Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, Gulf of Finland, Bay of Biscay, Aegean Sea, Adriatic Sea.

Highest and Lowest Points: Elbrus (5, 663 m) and Caspian Sea (-28.0 m) respectively.

Straits: Straits of Gibraltar.

Lakes: Lake Ladoga, Onega, Peipus, Vanern, Vaitern.

Islands: British Isles, Iceland, Sardinia, Sicily, Crete.

Mountains: Alps, Pyrenes, Appenines, Dinaric Alps, Carpathians, Transylvanian Mts., Balkans, Caucasus, Urals.

Plateaus: Plateau of Bohemia, Plateau of Spain, Central Massif.

Rivers: Volga, Danube, Rhine, Po, Dnieper, Don, Vistula, Elbe, Order, Seine, Loire, Garrone, Douro, Tagus, Ural.

Important Cities: London, Paris, Madrid, Antwerp, Amsterdam, Bonn, Copenhagen, Oslo, Stockholm, Moscow, Frankfurt, Berlin, Warsaw, Venice, Athens, Budapest, Belgrade, Munich, Rome, Prague, Vienna etc.

Australia

Australia is the smallest continent in the world. It is one of the most diverse and fascinating areas on the planet. Australia along with Newzeland and the pacific island is known as Oceania.

Facts about Australia

Latitude: 12° S and 38°S

Longitude: 114° E and 154° E

Area: 7,830,682 sq. km. (5.3%).

Population: 20.0 million (est.2003)- 0.5% of world population.

Oceans: Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean.

Seas: Tasman Sea, Timor Sea, Arafura Sea, Gulf of Carpentaria, coral Sea, Great Australian Bight.

Highest and Lowest Points: Kosclusko (2,228 m) and Lake Eyre (-15.8 m) respectively.

Straits: Bass Strait.

Lakes: Lake Eyre.

Islands: Tasmania.

Mountains: Great Dividing Range

Plateaus: Western Plateau

Deserts: Gibson Desert, Great Sandy Desert, Great Victoria Desert, Simpson Desert.

Important Cities: Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth, Darwin, Canberra, Brisbane, Hobart.

Oceans

There are four oceans. In order of their size, they are Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean

Facts about Pacific Ocean

The Pacific Ocean (Area: 166,240,000 sq. km.) is the largest ocean of the world

It is the deepest ocean with an average depth of 4, 200 m.

The Mariana Trench is the world’s deepest trench with a depth of 11,776 metres.

Most of the islands of this ocean are of volcanic or coral origin

Facts about Atlantic Ocean

The Atlantic Ocean (Area: 86,560,000 sq.km.) is the second largest ocean.

Its name is derived from Atlas, a Titan (giant) in Greek mythology.

The Atlantic Ocean has the longest coastline.

The Atlantic Ocean is the busiest ocean for trade and commerce since its shipping routes connect the two most industrialized regions, namely Western Europe and N.E. United States of America.

The Atlantic Ocean a was formed millions of years ago when a rift opened up in the Gondwanaland and the continents of South America and Africa separated. The separation continues even today and the Atlantic Ocean is still widening.

The continental islands of Newfoundland and British Isles are the major ones.

Volcanic islands are fewer and they include those of Cuba, Jamaica and Puerto Rico, Iceland is the largest island of volcanic origin.

Facts about Indian Ocean

The Indian Ocean (Area: 73,430,000 sq.km.) is the only ocean named after a country.

The Indian Ocean is deeper than the Atlantic Ocean.

It contains numerous continental islands, Madagascar and Sri Lanka being the largest ones.

Some of the islands of volcanic origin are those of Mauritius, Andaman and Nicobar, Seychelles, Maldives and Lakshadweep are of coral origin

Facts about Arctic Ocean

The Arctic Ocean (Area: 13,230,000 sq.km.) is the smallest of all the oceans.

It lies within the Arctic Circle, hence the name Arctic Ocean.

The North Pole Lies in the middle if the Arctic Ocean.

Most of the parts of Arctic Ocean remains frozen with thick ice for most of the days every year.

It is the shallowest of all oceans, with an average depth of 1, 500 metre.

It has the least salinity of all the oceans. It has a salinity of 20 units per thousand.

World Agriculture

Earliest evidence of Agriculture was found in Neolithic period in 8000 B.C. (China). Most primitive form of Agriculture is shifting. Agriculture first evidence of Animal domestication has been found in SE Asia. First evidence of seed plantation & central cultivation has been found in SW Asia.

Various name of Shifting Agriculture

Central America and Africa	Melpa
Venezuela	Conuco
Brazil	Brocha
Zaire	Masole
Malesia	Ladang
Indonesia	Humah
Philipines	Cangin
Mayanmar	Tongia
Thailand	Jamurai
Sri Lanka	Chhena
N.E.India	Jhum
Peninsular India	Bewar
Andhra Pradesh	Podu

Least dependent on Agriculture

*Country*	*Percentage*
Singapore	0%
Austria	1%
Belgium	1%
Germany	1%
Canada	2%
Japan	2%
U.K	2%
U.S	2%
Australia	3-4%

Major Producer of Cereal

*Country*	*Amount in (metric ton)*
China	460 mt
U.S.	350 mt
India	220 mt
France	70 mt
Indonesia	60 mt

*Major Crops*	*Main Producing Countries*
Wheat	China, European Union, USA
Rice	China, India, Indonesia
Cotton	China, USA, India
Oil Seed	USA, China, Brazil
Tea	India, China, Sri Lanka
Coffee	Brazil, Colombia, Indonesia

WORLD MINERALS

Mineral – Leading Producing Countries

*Mineral*	*Countries*
Aluminium	Australia, Guinea, Jamaica, Surinam, Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana, Malaysia, Indonesia, India, China, USA, Greece, Hungary.
Asbestos	Canada, Zimbabwe, South Africa.
Chromium	India, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Turkey, CIS
Coal	USA, Russia, China, Germany, UK, France, Poland, Belgium, Australia, India, CIS, South Africa.
Copper	Chile, USA, Russia, China, Germany Zambia, Zaire, Canada, Spain, Mexico, Japan, Australia, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Japan, Australia, India, Indonesia, CIS, Peru, Poland, Congo Dem, Rep.
Gold	South Africa, USA, Australia, Canada.
Graphite	Sri Lanka
Iron Ore	CIS, Russian USA, Australia, Canada, UK, Sweden, France, Germany, Liberia, South Africa, Venezuela, Mauritania, Spain, India, China Brazil.
Lead	CIS, USA, Russia, Spain Germany Belgium, Mexico, Canada, Peru
Lignite	Germany, Russia
Magnesium	CIS, India, Russia, Mexico, Ivory, Coast South Africa, Gabon, Australia, France, Brazil.
Mercury	Italy, Spain USA
Mica	India
Nickel	Canada, CIS, Norway, Dominican Republic.
Petroleum	Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran Iraq, Qatar, UAE, Libya, Algeria, Nigeria Niger, Egypt, USA, Russia, Indonesia
Platinum	Russia, Columbia
Silver	Canada, Russia, Mexico, USA, Australia, CIS
Tin	Malaysia, Bolivia, China, Brazil, Indonesia
Titanium	Australia, Norway, CIS
Uranium	Zaire, South Africa, USA, Canada, Germany, Czech, Slovakia, Russia, India.
Thorium	India, Brazil, USA
Zinc	Canada, Russia, Belgium, Germany, Australia, CIS, Peru, Mexico, Spain.

MAJOR INDUSTRIES

*Industry*	*Chief Manufacturing Countries*
Iron and steel	USA, Russia, Japan, Germany, UK, France And India.
Textiles (Cotton)	USA, China, India, Japan, Russia, UK, Taiwan, Canada, Egypt, France And Italy.
Textiles (Woolen)	Russia, UK, Japan, Australia, India, France, Poland, Belgium, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany, Bulgaria.
Chemicals	USA, Germany, UK, Russia, Japan, Canada, Australia , India
Paper	USA, Canada, Japan, UK, Germany, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Russia And India
Rubber	USA, UK, Germany, France, Netherland’s, Canada, Brazil, Indonesia, Sri Lanka.

MAJOR INDUSTRIAL TOWNS

*Town*	*Country*	*Type of Industry*
Ahmedabad	India	Cotton textiles
Anshan	China	Iron and steel
Baku	Azerbaijan	Petroleum
Belfast	Ireland	Ship building
Birmingham	U.K., U.S.A	Iron and steel
Cadiz	Spain	Cork
Chicago	USA	Meat packing
Dhaka	Bangladesh	Muslin
Darjeeling	India	Tea processing
Detroit	USA	Automobile
Firozabad	India	Glass
Havana	Cuba	Cigars
Hollywood	USA	Films
Jameshedpur	India	Iron and steel
Johannesburg	South Africa	Gold mining
Kansas City	USA	Meat packing
Kawasaki	Japan	Iron and steel
Kimberley	South Africa	Diamond mining
Krivoi Rog	Ukraine	Iron and steel
Leeds	UK	Woolen textiles
Leningard	Russia	Ship building
Los Angeles	USA	Petroleum, films
Lyons	Frances	Silk textiles
Magnitogorsk	Russia	Iron and steel
Manchester	UK	Cotton textile
Milan	Italy	Silk textile
Multan	Pakistan	Pottery
Munich	Germany	Lenses
Nagoya	Japan	Automobiles
Philadelphia	USA	Locomotives
Pittsburgh	USA	Iron and steel
Plymouth	USA	Ship building
Rourkela	India	Iron and steel
Sheffield	UK	Cutlery
Shivakasi	India	Firecrackers
Vladivostok	Russia	Ship building
Wellington	Newzeland	Dairying
Zurich	Switzerland	Financial city

GEOGRAPHY OF INDIA

INDIA (Physical)

Our Country India is a vast country. Covering an area of 3.28 million sq.km. It is the seventh largest country in the world. The mainland of India extends between 8°4` and 30°6` north latitudes and 68°7` and 97°25` East latitude. The tropic of cancer (N) divides India almost into two halves. The local time along 82°30` E longitude is taken as the standard time of India. The Indian Peninsula tapers southwards as such it divides Indian Ocean into two expanse of water-the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. India has a land boundary of 15,200 km and the total length of main coastline is 7516 km. India shares boundary with seven countries. They are Bangladesh, China, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar, Bhutan and Afghanistan in the decreasing order of the length of the boundary shared. The island country of Sri Lanka is located towards the South in the Indian Ocean. A narrow stretch of water, namely, the Pak strait, separates it from the mainland of India.

India has a great diversity of landforms. It has high mountains, deep valleys, extensive plains wide plateaus and a number of islands. The great mountain of the north stretch almost uninterruptedly for about 3600 km and form an arc. The width between 150 and 400 km. the maintains extension between Pamir plateau and the Indus river is known as Korakoram, those between the Indus & Brahmputra are called the Himalayas and the eastern extension of mountains along Myanmar board is known as the Purvanchal.

The Karakoram mountains contains some of the world’s largest mountain glaciers. The Baltoro and the Siachen and some of the examples. The world’s second highest peak called K2 (Godwin Austin) belongs to this mountain range.

The Himalayas consist of three parallel ranges. The southernmost range, called the Siwalik, is the lowest. The average altitude of Siwalik range varies between 1,000 and 1,200 meters above the sea level. Its width varies between 10-15 km.

The ranges lying north of the Siwalik are known as the middle Himalayas, or the Himachal. They have an average height of 4,000 to 4,500 metres above the sea level. They extend over a width of about 80km. the cool climate and scenic beauty of the region attract tourists from all over the world. Some of the places are now famous hill resourts such as Dallhousie. Dharmashala, Shimla, Mussorie, Nainital and Darjeeling.

The northernmost ranges of the Himalayas, known as the Himadri, are the highest with an average height of more than 6,000 metres above the sea level.

The Purvachal in the north-east consist of the Patkai-Bum, the Garo-Khasi-Jaintia, and the Lushai hills.

To the south of the Great Mountains of the north, there is a vast plain extending over 2,500 km approximately form the Satluj in the west to the Brahmaputra in the east. It is made up of the alluvium brought by the Indus, the Gang and the Brahmaputra and their tributaries.

To the south of the North Indian Plain lies the peninsular plateau. It is made of hard igneous and metamorphic rocks. It is the oldest part of India.

The peninsular plateau is broadly divided into the Central Highlands and Deccan plateau. The northern part of the peninsula, north of the Vindhyas, is known as the Central Highlands. It is bounded by the Aravalis in the north-west, merging gradually with the Ganga plains in the north. The Central Highlands consist of a series of plateaus form west to east. The Western part of the Central Highlands is known as the Malwa plateau. Its eastern part in south Bihar is known as the Chhotanagpur plateau. Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand lie in between.

The Deccan plateau extends from the Vindhyas in the north to the tip of the peninsula in the south. The western edge of the plateau called the Western Ghats.

The Deccan plateau slopes gently towards the east. The eastern edge of the plateau called the Eastern Ghats consists of low discontinuous hills. The north-western part of the Deccan plateau is made up of lava flows. This part is known as the Deccan Trap.

The Coastal Plains

The Deccan plateau is flanked by coastal plains on both sides. The western coastal plain is broadest in the north and includes the plain of Gujarat as well. It narrow down towards south. South of Gujarat, it is known as the Konkan coast. The southern part of the coast is known as the Malabar coast. The western coastline is slightly indented having estuaries of the Narmada and the Tapi in the north and langoons or backwaters in Kerala.

The eastern coastal plain is wider and more levelled than the western coast. The northern part of this coast is known as Northern Circar and the southern part as Coromondel Coast.

To the west of Kerala coast, there is a cluster of numerous small island. They are collectively known as the Lakshadweep islands. They are of coral origin.

The Andaman and Nicobar Island are located in the Bay of Bengal. They are bigger in size. While some of the islands are of volcanic origin, other are submerged hill ranges. The southernmost part of India, called the Indira Point, is located in Great Nicobar Island.

India (Political)

The republic of India is the world’s largest democracy. It comprises of 28 States and 7 UT.

*States*	*Capital*
Andhra Pradesh	Hyderabad
Arunachal Pradesh	Itanagar
Andaman & Nicobar	Port Blair
Assam	Dispur
Bihar	Patna
Chhattisgarh	Raipur
Dadar & Nagar Haveli	Silrassa
Daman & Diu	Diman
Delhi	New Delhi
Goa	Panaji
Gujarat	Gandhinagar
Haryana	Chandigarh
Himachal Pradesh	Shimla
Jammu and Kashmir	Srinagar
Jharkhand	Ranchi
Karnataka	Bangalore
Kerala	Trivandrum
Lakshdeep	Kavaretti
Madhya Pradesh	Bhopal
Maharashtra	Mumbai
Manipur	Imphal
Meghalaya	Shilling
Mizoram	Aizwal
Nagaland	Kohima
Odisha	Bhubneshwar
Pondichery	Pondichery
Punjab	Chandigarh
Rajasthan	Jaipur
Sikkim	Gangtok
Tamil Nadu	Chennai
Tripura	Agartala
Uttaranchal	Dehradun
West Bengal	kolkata

States in decreasing order of area are:

Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Utter Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Gujarat, Karnataka, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu.

Smallest states in increasing order of area are:

Goa, Sikkim, Tripura, Nagaland

IMPORTANT GEOGRAPHICAL FACTS

States

State touching maximum

Number of boundaries of

Other states ………… ………..U.P & Assam

Union Territories

Largest area………………….Andaman & Nicobar

Smallest in area…………….. Lakshadweep

UT in order of decreasing order of area are;

Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Delhi, Pondicherry, Dadar and Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, Chandigarh, Lakshdeep (in decreasing order)

East-West Extension of India mainland is 2933 km & N-S Extenion of India mainland is 3214 km.

States through which Tropic of Cancer passes:

Gujarat, Rajasthan, M.P, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura, Mizoram

Coastal States

Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal

States having Longest Coast (decreasing order)

Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Kerala

States having Shortest Coast (increasing order)

Goa, West Bengal, Karnataka, Odisha

States Sharing International Boundary

Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Sikkim, Bihar, West Bengal, States sharing both Coastline & International boundary – Gujarat.

States having maximum states in borders

Utter Pradesh 8

Assam 7

Chhattisgarh 6

Jharkhand 5

States Sharing boundaries of 2 Countries

Assam, Uttarakhand, Mizoram

States Sharing boundaries of 3 Countries

Sikkim, Jammu & Kashmir, West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh

States Sharing boundaries of Pakistan

Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab, Jammu & Kashmir

Climatic diversity in the Indian Sub-continent

Like its landforms the climate of India also reflects a great variety. It varies from very cold conditions of the northern Himalayan belt to hot climate of Rajasthan desert to moderate climate of the coastal area.

Due to the vastness of the country and a variety of relief features there are regional variations in the climate of India.
The interior of the country, specially in the north, has a continental type of climate.
The coastal areas have a more equable climate. In mountainous areas, altitude determines the climate. There is a great deal of variation in the amount of annual rainfall.
In June, the highest temperature in Rajasthan may go up to 55° C.
But, in Drass and Kargil the night temperature in January may go down to -45°C to -50°C.
Mawsynram or Cherrapunji in Meghalaya has an annual rainfall of 2500 cm.
But, in the Thar Desert the annual rainfall is less than 13 cm.
Along the Malabar Coast (Kerala) the annual range of temperature is about 3°C.
But, it is 20°C in Hissar, Ambala and other parts of the interior.

SOILS

Soil forms the upper layer of the earth’s crust capable of supporting life.
It is made up of lose rock materials and humus.
The soil informing processes are mainly influenced by the parent rock. Climate, vegetation and animal life.

Importance of Soil Resources

Soil is an extremely important resource, especially in agricultural countries like India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Most food items, like rice, wheat, pulses, fruits and vegetables and much of our clothing are derived from the soil directly or indirectly.
Soil also gives us firewood, timber, rubber, fibers, etc. Food like milk, meat and eggs are obtained indirectly from the soil. Flowers, grass, plants and trees are also grown out of soil.

Types of Soil found in India

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) divides Indian soils into eight groups: (a) Alluvial soil (b) Black soil (c) Red soil (d) Laterites and Lateritic soil (e) Arid and Desert soil (f) Saline and Alkaline soil (g) Forest soil (h) peaty and other organic soil. However, Indian soil are generally divided into four brad types: (1) Alluvial soils; (2) Regur soils; (3) Red soils; and (4) Laterite soils.

Alluvial Soils

This is the most important and widespread category.
It covers 40% of the land area. In fact the entire Northern Plains are made up of these soils.
They have been brought down and deposited by three great Himalayan rivers – Sutlej, Ganga and Brahmaputra and their tributaries.
Through a narrow corridor in Rajasthan they extend to the plains of Gujarat.
They are common in Eastern coastal plains and in the deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauveri.
Crops Crown: Suitable for Kharif & Rabi Crops like cereals, Cottons, Oilseeds and sugarcane. The lower Ganga-Brahmaputra Valley is useful for jute cultivation.

Regur or Black Soils

These soils are of volcanic origin.
These soils are black in colour and are also known as Black soils.
Since, they are ideal for growing cotton, they are also called cotton soils, in addition to their normal nomenclature of Regur soils.
These soils are most typical of the Deccan trap (Basalt) region spread over north-west Deccan plateau and are made up of lava flows.
They cover the plateau of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa and southern Madhya Pradesh and extends eastwards in the south along the Godavari and Krishna Valleys.

Crops Crown: Cotton, Jowar, Wheat, Sugarcane, Linseed, Gram Fruit and Vegetables.

Red Soils

Formed by the weathering of crystalline and metamorphic, mixture of clay and sand

These soils are developed on old crystalline rocks under moderate to heavy rainfall conditions.
They are red in colour because of their high Iron-oxide (FeO) content.
They are deficient in phosphoric acid, organic matter and nitrogenous material.
Red soils cover the eastern part of the peninsular region comprising Chhotanagpur plateau, Orissa, eastern Chhattisgarh, Telangana, the Nilgiris and Tamil Nadu plateau.
They extend northwards in the west along the Konkan coast of Maharashtra.
Crops Grown: Wheat, Rice, Millets, Pulses.

Literite Soils

The Laterite soils are formed due to weathering of lateritic rocks in low temperatures and heavy rainfall with alternating dry and wet period.
They are found along the edge of plateau in the east covering small parts of Tamil Nadu, Orissa and a small part of Chhotanagpur in the north and Meghalaya in the north-east.
Laterite soils are red in colour with a high content of iron-oxides; poor in Nitrogen and Lime.
Crops Grown: Unsuitable for agriculture due to high content of acidity and inability to retain moisture.

Arid & Desert Soil

Region: NW India. Covers entire area of the west Aravalis in Rajasthan and parts of Haryana, Punjab & Gujarat.
Characteristics: Rich in Phosphates but poor in Nitrogen.
Crops Grown: Fertile if irrigated e.g. Ganga Nagar area of Rajasthan (Wheat basket of Rajasthan).

AGRICULTURE

About 64% of people in India are engaged in agriculture. Just above 5% of the total geographical area of the country is under cultivation.

Crop Seasons: there are three major crops season in India viz. Kharif, Rabi and Zaid.

Kharif: The Kharif corps are associated with the monsoons. They are shown in the months of June and July and are harvested in autumn months, viz., in September and October and December and harvested in April and May. Important among the Kharif crops are rice, jowar, bazra, ragi, maize, sugarcane, cotton and jute.
Rabi: The Rabi crops are sown in the period between October and December and harvested in April and May. Important among the Rabi crops are Wheat, barley, peas, rabi pulses, linseed, rapeseed and mustard.
Zaid: The Zaid is the summer season crop, rice, maize, vegetables, sunflower and groundnut are grown during this season.

*Crops*	*Sown in*	*Harvested*	*Examples*
Kharif	June/July	September/ October	Rice, Jowar, Bajra, Ragi, Maize, Cotton And Jute
Rabi	October/ December	April/ May	Wheat, Barley, Peas, Rapeseed, Mustard And Grams
Zaid	Summer

Main Crops and Leading Producer States

*Name*	*Major Producers*
Wheat	Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana
Rice	West Bengal, Tamil Nadu
Gram	Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh
Sugarcane	Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra
Coconut	Kerala, Tamil Nadu
Linseed	Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh
Groundnut	Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu
rapeseed and Mustard seed	Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh
Sunflower	Maharashtra, Karnataka
Cotton	Maharashtra, Gujarat
Jute	West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Assam
Silk	Karnataka, Kerala
Hemp	Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh
Coffee	Karnataka, Kerala
Rubber	Kerala, Karnataka
Tea	Assam, Kerala
Tobacco	Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh
Pepper	Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu
Cashew nuts	Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh
Ginger	Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh
Turmeric	Andhra Pradesh, Orissa
Chillies	Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh
Cloves	Kerala
Saffron	Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Jammu And Kashmir
Bajra	Gujarat, Rajasthan
Barley	U.P., Rajasthan
Cardamom	Karnataka, Kerala
Castor Seed	Gujarat, Andhra, Pradesh
Chillies (dry)	Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh
Coriander	Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh
Jowar	Maharashtra, Karnataka
Maize	Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, U.P
Potato	U.P., West Bengal, Bihar
Onion	Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka
Pulses	Madhya Pradesh, U.P., Maharashtra
Ragi	Karnataka, Tamil Nadu
Soyabean	Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan

Green Revolution in Indian Agriculture

The green revolution was launched in 1967- 68 to improve agricultural productivity in two phases:

First Green Revolution: Mainly confined to the progressive wheat producing states of Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh.
Second Green Revolution: In 1983-84 the green revolution was extended to eastern and central states including West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.

As a result of the green revolution, wheat production more than doubled and rice production increased by 53%

Dairy Farming in India

Operation Flood I (1970-81): In collaboration with the World Bank, Operation Flood I was launched with the intention of capturing a commanding share of the liquid milk market in the metropolitan cities.

Operation Flood II (1981-85): It was launched in 1981 and extended to almost all states.

Operation Flood III (1985-90): It was launched in 1985 under the Seventh Five Year Plan.

The programmes were implemented under the aegis of the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) and the Indian Dairy Corporation (IDC).

As a result of these programmes, India has not only become the second-largest milk producer in the world but also hopes to march ahead of the US in the field by the turn of the century.

Land use Pattern in India

The total geographical area of India is 32.88 crore hectares.
Of this, data is available for only 92.5% land area. Though land is put to different uses, but cultivation of land is its most important use.

*Uses of land*	*% put to use of land*
Cultivated	51.00
Forested area	19.03
Wasteland (arid, rocky and sandy areas)	14.01
Cultivable waste	6.04
Follow land	5.00
Pastures and meadows	4.00

Forest Resources in India

Area covered: Nearly 24% of total land area (approximately 752 lakh hectares) which is about 2 per cent of the world’s area is under forest cover.

The National Forest policy has laid down a target of raising the area covered by forests in India to nearly 33.3%

State having maximum proportion of its geographical area

under dense forest cover – Arunachal Pradesh

State having lowest cover under forest cover -Haryana

State having largest area of forest cover in India -Madhya Pradesh

Types of Forests in India

Evergreen Forests (tropical): Found in areas where rainfall between 200-300 cm, for example, Western Ghats and sub-Himalayan regions. They provide hardwood like teak, rosewood, ebony and bamboo, etc. these are coniferous forests having needle-shaped leaves

Deciduous Forests (Monsoon Forests): Found in areas having rainfall between 150-20 cm. for example, in large parts of the Deccan Plateau stretching over Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka. They provide fine timber such as teak, sal, sandalwood, etc.

Dry Forests: Found in desert region of Rajasthan and south of Punjab where rainfall is below 75-10 cm. mostly consists of shrubs, thickest and stunted trees like kikar, jal, etc.

Hill forests: Found in southern India and in the Himalayan regions and provide timber like oak, deodar, pines, chir, chestnuts, walnuts, chinar, Maple.

Tidal Forests (Mangrove): Found in coastal plains which are generally submerged, particularly on deltas of rivers on the east coast (Ganga, Mahanadi, Godavari). The forests on the Ganges delta in Bengal are called Sunderbans after the Sundari trees found in these forests.

FOREST RESOURCES

*Tree Type*	*Place*	*Important Uses*
1. Sandal Wood	Karnataka, Tamil Nadu	It’s oil is used in perfume industry, furniture, wood-craft
2. (a) Myrobalam (b) Babul (c)Avaram (d) Wattle	MP North India South India Nilgiris	Extraction of Tannin
3. Chir Pine	Himalayas	Resin
4. Cinechona	West Bengal, Tamil Nadu	Quine
5. Rose Wood	Western Ghat, T.N, Kerala, Orissa	Furniture
6. Sundari	West Bengal (Sundarbans)	Boat building
7. Willow	J& K	Sports equipments (bat etc.)
8. Chinar	J & K	Wood- Crafting
9. Indian Birch	Himalaya	Plywood, raido cabinet
10. (a) Teak (b)Sal (c) Deodar (d) Paduk	Monsoon Forests Monsoon Forests Himalayas Andaman & Nicobar	Commercial Timbers

Surface Water Resources

According to the estimate, India receives an average of 109 cm of rainfall annually.
This rainfall amounts to 37.000 million cubic metre. Out of this, 12,500 million cubic metres evaporates and another 7,900 million cubic metres is absorbed by land. Only 16,600 million cubic metres water is available in our rivers.
Out of this, only 6,600 million cubic metres of water can be used for irrigation.

Underground Water Resources

Out of total rainfall, only 7900 million cubic metres of water percolates inside/ beneath the earth.
Out of this, only 4300 million cubic metres of water is able to reach the upper layer of the soil.
This water is more important for agricultural production.
Rest 3600 million cubic metres reaches the impervious rocks which can be used by digging wells for tube wells. Out of this only 2250 million cubic metres of water is economically viable.

Sources of Irrigation in India

There are various sources of irrigation which are:

Wells & Tubewells : 46% of total irrigation
Canals : 39% of total irrigation
Tanks : 89% of total Irrigation
Other Sources : 7% of total irrigation (Dongs, Kuhls, springs etc.)

MULTIPURPOSE RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS

*Multi Purpose River Valley Projects*	*On River*	*Special Features*	*Dams Located at Places*	*Benefitting States, U.T’s*
Damondar Valley Project	Damodar	First project under-taken after independence Consists of four dams Based on Tennessec Valley Authority model – USA	Tiliya Dam-on the river Barakar Konar Dam-on river Konari Hazaribagh Maithan Dam- on river Barakar Panchet Hill Dam – on river Damodar in Dhanbad	Jharkhand W.B.
Bhakara Nagal Project	Sutlej-in India	Highest Gravity dam in the world Consists of a manmade late called Gobind Sagar Lake in Himachal Pradesh on Bhakra Dam Consists of two Dams & four Power Houses	Bakara Dam in H.P. Nangal Dam in Punjab	Himachal Pradesh Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan & Delhi
Hirakud Project	Mahanadi- in Orissa	Longest main stream dam in the world Largest high head spill way Consists of three dams	Hirakund dam in Sambalpur district Tikarpra Dam Naraj Dam	Orissa
Nagarjunsagar Project	Krishna in Andhra Pradesh	Largest concrete dam in India	Nagarjuna Sagar Dam in Nalgonda district	Andhra Pradesh
Tungabhadra Project	Tungabhadra- Tributary of Krishna	Masonary dam	Tungabhadra Dam at Mallapuram in Bellary district of Karnataka	Andhra Pradesh Karnataka
Chambal Project	Chambal	Main purpose soil conservation in the Chambal basin. Three dams and one barrage	Gandhi Sagar Dam in M.P. Jawahar Ssgar Dam in Rajasthan Rana Pratap Sagar Dam at Rawatbhata in Rajasthan Kota Barrage	M.P., Rajasthan
Gandak Project	Gandak	Joint venture of Bihar and Nepal		Bihar
Kosi Project	Kosi- in Bihar	In cooperation with Nepal Main purpose is to control floods	Barrage at Hanumannagar	Bihar
Rihand Project	Rihand- a tributary of sone	Consista of largest manmade lake in India named Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar (Reservoir) HEP Capacity 300 MW		M.P & U.P
Beas Project	Beas	Consists of Bears- Sutlej Link (BSL) BSL is the biggest tunneling project in India BSL brings the water of Beas river into Sutlej river in HP	Beas Dam at PONG in Himachal Pradesh	Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan
Ramaganga project	Ramganga – In UP		Saddle dam near Kalagarh in Garhwal district	U.P
Narmada Valley Project	Narmada	Under construction	Narmada Sagar Dam in M.P. Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat	Gujarat, M.P. & Maharashtra
Ghatprabha Valley Scheme	Ghatprabha	Irrigation Belgaum and Bijapur district of Karnataka		Karnataka
Matatilla Project	Betwa			U.P & M.P

NAMES OF PARLIAMENT OF DIFFERNET COUNTRIES

*Country*	*Name of Parliament*
Afghanistan	Shora
Bangladesh	Jatiya Sangsad
Bhutan	Tsongdu
Myanmar (Burma)	Pyithu Hluttaw
Denmark	Folketing
Germany	Bundestag (Lower House)
Germany	Bundestrat (Upper House)
Greenland	Landstraad
Leeland	Althing
India	Lok Sabha (Lower House)
India	Rajya Sabha (Upper House)
Indonesia	Majlis
Iran	Majlis
Israel	Knesset
Japan	Diet
Malaysia	Dewan Rakyat and Dewan Negara
Maldives	Majlis
Nepal	National Panchayat
The Netherlands	The Staten General
Poland	Sejm
Surinam	Staten
Switzerland	Federal Assembly

*HEP’s Projects*	*State*	*On River*	*Power Capacity (installed Capacity)*
Darjeeling HEP India’s 1^st HEP Project	West Bengal		200 KW
Sivasamudram India’s 1^st HEP with moderntech set up in 1902	Karnataka	Kaveri	4200 KW
Tata HEP Supplies Power to Bombay	Maharashtara
Pykara	Tamil Nadu-Ist in Tamil Nadu	Pykara-in-Nilgiris	68,000 KW
Mandi Power House	Himachal Pradesh-Ist in North India	Uhl River	53,000 KW
Sabarigiri (Pamba-Kakki) HEP	Kerala	Pamba & Kakki river	300 MW
Idukki HEP	Kerala	Periyar, Cheru-theni & idukki	390 MW
Koyna HEP Feeds power to Bombay-Pune industrial region	Maharashtra	Koyna-tributary of Krishna	880 MW
Sharavathy Project Feeds pwer to Banglore industrial region	Karnataka	Jog Falls	270 MW
Kalinadi’ Project	Karnataka
Kundoh Project	Tamil Nadu- largest HEP in Tamil Nadu		535 MW
Sabarigiri Project	Kerala		300 MW
Balimela Project	Orissa		360 MW
Ukai Project Salal HEP	Gujarat J & K at Dhyangarh Near Riari	Tapi Chenab	300 MW
Chukka Project	Located in Bhutan Constructed by India Its surplus power brought by India for its use in N.E. parts of country including West Bengal
Loktak Lake HEP Supplies Power to Manipur & Nagaland	Manipur
Mettur Dam	Tamil Nadu	Kaveri
Bhadra Project	Karnataka	Bhadra
Poochampad	Andhra Pradesh	Godawari
Kakrapara	Gujarat
Mahi Project	Gujarat	Mahi
Tawa Project	Madhya Pradesh	Tawa
Bhima Project	Maharashtra	Pawanna & Krishna
Jayakwadi	Maharashtra	Godavari
Thien Dam Project	Punjab	Ravi
Mayurakshi Projecty	West Bengal
Bansagar Project	Madhya Pradesh	Sone
Lower Sileru HEP Srisailum HEP	Andhra Pradesh	Sileru
Machkund HEP Supplies Power to A.P. and Orissa	Andhra Pradesh	Machund	114, 750 KW
Uhl River Scheme	Himachal Pradesh	Uhl-a tributary of Beas
Lower Jhelum HEP	Jammu & Kashmir	Jehlum
Dhulharti In collaboration with French	Jammu & Kashmir
Nathpa-Jakhi	Himachal Pradesh	Sutlej
Tehri- Hydro Power Complex	Uttranchal	Bhagirathi
Umtru HEP	Meghalaya
Sanjay HEP- (Under Ground)	Himachal Pradesh in Kinnaur district
Sarda Power Project	Uttar Pradesh	Sarda

Canals	States
1. Bhakra Canal System	Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan
2. Western Kosi Canal	Bihar and Nepal
3. Raipur Canal – Kosi project	Bihar
4. Upper Bari Doab Canal-159-Ravi River	Punjab
5. Western Jamuna Canal	Punjab & Haryana
6. Shirhind Canal- On Satluj	Punjab & Haryana
7. Sharda Canal- On Sharda River	U.P
8. Betwa Canal – On River Betwa	U.P
9. Sone Canal – On River Sone	Bihar
10. Triveni Canal – On River Triveni	Bihar
11. Mahanadi Canal	M.P. and Chhattisgarh
12. Wainganga Canal	M.P. and Chhattisgarh
13. Bukingham Canal- Longest navigable canal in India	From Godavari Delta to Kaveri Delta- A.P. and Tamil Nadu
14. Indira Gandhi Canal/ Rajasthan Canal – Longest Canal in India -2^nd longest in world – uses the water of Satluj, Beas and Ravi- the Canal takes off at Harike Barrage & ends at Mohangarh in Jaisalmer districts	Rajasthan- irrigates Bikaner, Ganga nagar and Jaisalmer districts of Rajasthan
15. Jandula Canal	M.P.
16. Pravara River Canal	Maharashtra
17. Nira Canal- on River Yelwandi	Maharashtra
18. Mutha Canal – River Mutha	Maharashtra
19. Kurnol – Cuddapah Canal	Andhra Pradesh
20. Grand Anicut Canal and Vardavar Canal-on Mettur Dam in Tamil Nadu	Tamil Nadu
21. Taldanda Canal	Orissa
22. Agra Canal – Starts from Okhla	U.P.
23. The Garland Canal System- proposed by Mr. Dinshaw J. Dastur- to provide irrigation facilities to all parts of India- the project envisages the construction of 2 mammoth canal (i) The Himalayan catchment Canal (ii) Central Deccan (iii) Plateau Canal

TRANSPORTS IN INDIA

Roadways

Total Road Network in India: 3.31million km
Oldest and famous road: Grand Trunk Road (Sher Shah Suri Marg)

(Initially it connected Peshawar and Kolkata but now, it runs from Amritsar to Kolkata)

First serious attempt to develop Roadways was during British (1943) according to Nagpur Plan
Border Roads organization (BRO) was started in 1960
It was started for the maintenance and security of roads of strategic importance
Greater than 30,000 kms of road are under BRO
21 National Highways are under BRO
Roads are divided into

National Highways

Constructed and maintained by Central Public Works Department
A Total length of National Highways is 42000 km
40% of total road traffic in India
For interstate and strategic movements
NH covers 2% of total roads in India

State Highways

Constructed and maintained by State Government
The roads connect State capital with District H.Q.
A total length of State Highways is 150000 km

District Roads

Constructed and maintained by Zila Parishad
Roads connect District H.Q. with Tehsils and blocks
A total length of district roads is 650000 km.

Village Roads

Villages to nearby towns
A total length of village roads is 14.5 lakh km

Important National Highways

Delhi- Ambala- Jalandhar- Amritsar
Delhi- Kolkata
Agra- Mumbai via Nasik
Mumbai- Chennai
Chennai- Kolkata
Varanasi – Kanyakumari (longest)
Varanasi – Kanyakumari (longest)
Delhi – Bombay (via Jaipur – Ahmedabad)
Bombay – Vijayawada
Delhi – Fazilka (border)

Super National Highways

Golden Quadrilateral
N-S corridor (Kanyakumari- Srinagar) and E-W corridor (Silchar – Porbandar)
Total length 14000 km
National highway along West coast NH 17
National highway along East coast NH 5
Border Road (Rajasthan) NH 15
World’s highest Motorable Road- Manali- Leh passes through Bara Lacha La
First country to have nationwide highway in Germany where NH are called as Autoban.
In france NH are called as Autoroute. In Italy autostrade, Australia- Commonwealth Highways
Alaskan Highway runs from Edmonton to Anchorage
Transcontinental Stuart Highway runs from Oodnadat to Birdum (Australia)
Pan-American high way runs through South America- Central America – Mexico- U.S

State have maximum roads (length wise)

Maharashtra (10% of total)

Uttar Pradesh

Tamil Nadu

Andhra Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh

States having maximum road density (Per 100 sq.km)

Kerala (365 km/ 100 sq.km)

Goa (201 km)

Tamil Nadu (158 km)

Tripura (140 km)

States having maximum roads per lakh population

Arunachal Pradesh

Nagaland

Mizoram

Maximum surfaced roads

Maharashtra

Tamil Nadu

U.P.

Maximum National highways

M.P. (8.6% of total)

Maharashtra (8.5%)

U.P. (8.35%)

Rajasthan

Railways

1825- first Public Railway in the world ran from Stockton to Darlington (northern England)
In India it was started in 1853 during Dalhousie period between Bombay and Thane.
Normally most railways in the world have standard Guage of 1.4 m.
In India we have three different types of routes Broad Guage (1.67 k), Metre Guage (1.0 m) and Narrow Guage (0.7 m)
No standard Guage is used in India.
In West Europe greatest railway density is in Belgium.
UK- 2 major rail centers- London, Glasgow
In North America, first railways was started in Baltimore (1830)
North America has the most extensive railways in the world (almost 40$ of the world’s network)
USA has a rail length of 3,40,000 km on standard guage and Canada, 1,00,000 km
Densest Railway Network in North America is along Easter Central US, South Canada and Atlantic Seaboard
Canadian Pacific Railway connects Vancouver to St. John in New Brunswick
Canadian National Railway connects Halifax to Prince Rupert
Australia has 40,000 km of Railway line and 25% is in New South Wales
Australian Trans Continental Railway is greater than 4000 km long which connects Perth and Sydney
In USSR, Trans Siberian Railway connects St. Petersberg to Vladivostok
In Japan first Railway line was laid in 1872 from Tokyo to Yokohama
The railway line along Tokyo to Osaka (known as Tokkaido express is famous for its speed and efficiency)
In China East- West Route runs between Tianjin and Lachow
In South America the Trans continental railway runs form Buenes Airs to Valparaiso and it passes through Uspalata pass
In Africa, the Benguela railway runs from Angola to Katanga Cu belt
In US there are 3 cross country railways
South Pacific railway (Los Angeles New Orlean)
West Pacific railway (San Francisco Philadelphia)
North Pacific railway (Portland- New York)
Tanzara railway (Tanzam) was constructed with Chinese assistance to connect Dares Salam with Katanga
Trans African Railway runs from Beirra (Mozambique) to Benguela

Indian Railways

First railway line was laid in 1853 form Mumbai to Thane (34 kms)
1/3^rd of the total distance in India is electrified
Toatal length of Brad Guage is 45000 kms, Metre Guage 15000 kms and Narrow Guage 3200 kms
Indian railways is the largest in Asia and 4^th largest in the world after US. Russia and Canada
It is the 2^nd largest railway system under a single management.
There are 16 zones in India
Longest zone is the Northern zone with 11000 km
Recently National Rail Vikas yojana (NRVY) was launched to increase the speed, to enhance quadrilateral network connecting all metros (superfast + double line) and to connect the ports.
Konkan railway is run by a separate corporation and its runs form Mangalore to Roha (40 km south of Mumbai)
4 states involved in this network are Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka nad Kerala
It does not passes through Kerala.
51% of the shares of Konkan railway is with Indian Railways
It has the fastest of tracks in India
Total length is 760 km
10% of the line passes through tunnels
Longest tunnel is near Ratnagairi in Karbude 6.5 km

Railways Zones – Headquarters

Central Railway – Mumbai
Eastern Railway – Kolkata
Northern Railway – Delhi
North-East Railway – Gorakhpur
North- East Frontier – Malegaon near Gowahati
Southern Railway – Chennai
South Central Railway – Secunderabad
South East Railway – Kolkata
Western Railway – Mumbai (Church Gate)
East Coast Railway – Bhubaneswar
East Central Railway – Hajipur
North Central Railway- Allahabad
North Western Railway – Jaipur
South Western Railway – Hubli
West Central Railway – Jabalpur
Bilaspur Railway – Bilaspur

South- East Central

Rail density is maximum in North Indian Plains because of its leveled surface and very high density of population.
Railway density in hills and plateaus are quite low.
East coast has more railway lines than West coast.
Rail route per 1000 sq. km is maximum in Punjab (42 kms), then West Bengal, Haryana, Bihar, UP
Indian average rail route density is 18.6 km/ 1000 sq km

Water Transport in India

Cheapest and most efficient over long distances
Water Transport: Railway – 1:10:100 (cost)
Railway Road – 1:10
Water: Railway: Road – 1:10:100
Total navigable water way: 14500 km
Mechanized craft – 5700 km

Declared National Waterways

NW 1- Allahabad – Haldia – 1620 km
NW 2 – Sadia – Dubri (Bangladesh –Assam- 890 km border)
NW 3 – West coast canal – Kollam to Kotappuram – 205 km

Other identified lines

Godavari – Chirla to Rajmundhri
Champakkara canal (Alleppey)
Udyougmandalam canal (Kochi)
Government is proposing to extend West Coast Canal from Kovalam – Kasargode
Proposed Natinal Water Way: Kakinada to Marakkanam 1100 km
Out of 14500 km

UP 17%

WB 16%

AP 14%

Assam 13.5%

Kerala 11%

MAJOR PORTS IN INDIA

West- East

· Kandla

· Navasheva

· Cochin

· Tuticorin

· Ennore

· Paradeep

· Kolkata

· Mumbai

· Mangalore

· Vizhinjam (harbour)

· Chennai

· Vizag

· Haldia

Volume of Cargo

Maximum in Vizag, Kandla, Mumbai, Chennai, Haldia- Kolkata

Airways in India started in 1911
Indian National Airways company started in 1933
All the airway companies were nationalized in 1953 and were put under two corporations namely – Indian Airline and Air India.
Indian Airlines provides its services to the internal parts of India along with neighbouring countries of Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Myanmar and Maldives.
Air India provides it services to the foreign locations.
Vayudoot was established in 1981 for domestic services, but was later merged in Indian Airlines.

Major International Airports of India

Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (Santa Cruz Airport) – Mumbai
Subhash Chandra Bose Airport (Dum Dum Airport) – Kolkata
Indira Gandhi International Airport – Delhi
Meenambkam International Airport – Chennai
Thiruvananthpuram Airport – Thiruvananthpuram
Rajasansi Airport – Amritsar

MINERAL RESOURCES OF INDIA

India a rich in iron, mica, manganese, bauxite; self-sufficient in antimony, building materials, cement materials, clay, chromite, lime, dolomite and gold; deficient in copper, lead, mercury, zinc, tin, nickel, petroleum products, sulphur and tungsten.

*Mineral*	*Found in*	*Features*
Iron	Orissa, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Goa	India has the world’s largest reserves; approximately one-fourth of world’s known reserves
Coals	Jharkhand, Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Assam	India is the fourth- largest producer in the world
Manganese	Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh	India ranks in the world in manganese production
Mica	Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu	India has the largest deposits of mica in the world
Bauxite (Aluminium ore)	Jharkhand, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, J & K, Orissa, Rajasthan	India is the third- largest producer in the world
Copper	Jharkhand, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat
Crude Oil	Assam, Tripura Manipur, West Bengal, Ganges Valley, Himachal Pradesh, Kutch, Andhra Pradesh off West Bengal, Orissa, Maharashtra and Gujarat
Gold	Karnataka; in small quantities in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka Kolar Mines
Gypsum	Rajasthan, J & K, Tamil Nadu
Lead-Zinc	Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Tamil- Nadu, Orissa, Sikkim and Rajasthan
Diamond	Madhya Pradesh; traces are also found in Bihar, Orissa, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh

NATIONAL PARKS AND WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES

National Parks

A national park is an area which is strictly reserved for the protection of wildlife. In these areas, activities like forestry, grazing or cultivation are prohibited by the government. At present, there are 94 national parks in India covering an area 33, 988 km or about 1 per cent of India’s total area.

Sanctuaries

A sanctuary is an area which is reserved for the conservation of animals only. Here harvesting of timber. Collection of forest products and private ownership rights are permitted. They are at present 501 sanctuaries in India covering an area of about 1, 07,310 km or about 3.2 per cent of total land area.

Project Tiger

To save the tigers from extinction in India, project Tiger was launched on April 1, 1973. The project planned create tiger reserves in selected areas of the country. Out of 434 national parks and sanctuaries, 27 have been selected for this project.

Project Elephant

To protect wildlife and elephant population. Project Elephant had been launched in the Eighth plan. Though it officially began in the financial year 1991-92, the real work for demarcating ‘elephant territory’ and an elephant census began in 1993. A financial allocation of Rs. 6.5 crore for the Eighth plan period had been made towards the scheme.

Some important national park and sanctuaries are given;

*Name*	*Location*	*Reserve for*
Achanakmar Sanctuary	Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh	Tiger, boar, chital, sambar, bison
Bandhavgarh National Park	Shahdol, M.P	Tiger, Panther, chital, nilgai, wild boar
Bandipur Sanctury	Border of Karnataka & Tamil Nadu	Elephant, tiger, panther, sambar, deer, birds
Banerghatta National park	Bangalore, Karnataka	Elephant, chital, deer, grey, partridges, green pigeon
Bhadra Sanctuary	Chikmagalur, Karnataka	Elephant, chital, panther, sambar, wild boar
Bhimabandh	Monghyr, Bihar	Tiger, leopard, sambar, wild boar, chital, water birds
Bori Sanctuary	Honshangabad, MP	Tiger, panther, sambar, wild boar, chital, water birds
Borivili National park	Mumbai	Panter, samber, langur, wild boar, chinkara
Chandraprabha Sanctuary	Near Varanasi, UP	Famous for Gir lions, chital and sambar
Corbett National Park	Nainital, Uttarakhand	Tiger, leopard, elephant, sambar (named in memory of Jim Corbett)
Dachigam Sanctuary	Dachigam, Kashmir	Kashmiri stag
Dalma Sanctuary	Singhum, Jharkhand	Elephant, leopard, wild board, barking deer
Dandeli Sanctuary	Dharwar, Karnataka	Tiger, panther, sambar, chital, sambar, wild boar
Dudhwa National park	Lakhimpurkheri, UP	Tiger, panther, sambar, chital, nilgai, barking deer
Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary	Mandsaur, MP	Chital, sambar, chinkara, barking deer, wild birds
Grampani Sanctuary	Diphu, Assam	Elephant, leopard, wild buffalo, langur
Ghana Bird Sanctuary	Bharatpur, Rajasthan	Water birds, black-buck, chital, sambar
Gir Forest	Junagarh, Gujarat	India’s biggest wildlife sanctuary famour for Gir lions
Gautam Buddha Sanctuary	Gaya, Bihar	Tiger, leopard, sambar, chital, barking deer
Hazaribagh Sanctuary	Hazaribagh, Jharkhand	Tiger, leopard, chital, nilgai, sambar, wild cat.
Intangki Sanctuary	Kohima, Nagaland	Elephant, gaur, tiger, panther, barking deer, wild boar
Jaldapara Sanctuary	West Bengal	Rhinoceros
Kawal Sanctuary	Adilabad, AP	Tiger, panther, gaur, chital, wild board
Kaziranga National Park	Jorhat, Assam	Horned, rhinoceros, gaur, elephant, leopard, wild buffalo
Khangchandzenda National Park	Gangtok, Sikkim	Snow leopard, musk deer, Himalayan boar
Kinnersani Sanctuary	Khamrsan, AP	Tiger, Panther, gaur, chital, sambar, nilgai
Kolleru Pelicanary	Ellufu, AP	Pelicans, Painted stroke
Nagerhole National park	Coorg, Karnataka	Elephant, tiger, panther, sambar, chital
Namdafa Sanctuary	Tirap, AP	Elephant, panther, sambar, tiger, chital, king cobra
Nawefgoan National Park	Bhandara, Maharashtra	Tiger, panther, sambar, chital nilgai
Pachmarhi Sanctuary	Hoshangabad, MP	Tiger, Panther, board, sambar, nilgai, barking deer
Pakhal Sanctuary	Warangal, AP	Tiger, Panther, sambar, chital, nilgai
Parambikulam Sanctuary	Palghat, Kerala	Tiger, leopard, gaur, elephant, nilgai, chital
Pench National Park	Nagpur, Maharashtra	Tiger, panther, gaur, sambar, chital, nilgai
Periyar Sanctuary	Idukki, Kerala	Elephant, tiger, panther, gaur, nilgai, sambar, wild beer
Ranganthittoo Bird Sanctuary	Islands in Cauvery river in Karnataka	Important bird sanctuary
Rohla National Park	Kulu, HP	Snow- leopard, brown boar, musk deer, snowcock, new pigeon
Sariska Sanctuary	Alwar, Rajasthan	Tiger, panther, sambar, gaur, chital, wild boar
Sanctuary Shikari Devi Sanctuary	Mandi, HP	Black boar, musk deer, panther, leopard, partridge
Shivpuri National Park	Shivpuri, MP	Tiger, panther, sambar, hyena, sloth, boar, nilgai
Similipal Sanctuary	Mayurbhanj, Orissa	Elephant, tiger, leopard, gaur, chital
Someshwars Sanctuary	Canara, Karnataka	Tiger, panther, wild boar, leopard
Sunderban Tiger Reserve	South 24 paraganas, W.B	Tiger, deer, wild boar, crocodile, Ganget dolphin
Sonai Rupa Sanctuary	Tezpur, Assam	Elephant, sambar, wild boar, one-horned rhinoceros
Tadoda National Park	Chandrapur, Maharashtra	Tiger, panther, sambar, nilgai, chinkara, chital
Tadwai Sanctuary	Warangal, AP	Tiger, panther, sambar, gaur, jungle cat
Tansa Sanctuary	Thane, Maharashtra	Panther, sambar, chital, four-horned antelope
Tungabhadra Sanctuary	Bellary, Karnataka	Panther, chital, sloth boar, four-horned antelope
Valvadore National Park	Bhartnagar, Gujarat	Wolf, black buck
Wedanthangal Bird Sanctuary	Tamil Nadu	Important bird sanctuary
Wynad Sanctuary	Cannanore and Kozhikode Kerala	Elephant, gaur, sambar, chital, wild boar, deer
Wild Ass Sanctuary	Little Rann of Kutch, Gujarat	Wild ass, wolf, nilgai, chinkara

TIGER RESERVES

*Names of the Reserve*	*State*
Simlipal	Orissa
Dudwa	Uttar Pradesh
Kalked Mondandanthorai	Tamil Nadu
Balmiki Park	Bihar
Palamau	Jharkhand
Bandhavgarh	Madhya Pradesh
Pench Park	Madhya Pradesh
Panna	Madhya Pradesh
Tadoba Andheri	Maharashtra
Impha Park	Mizoram
Bandipur	Karnataka
Kanha	Madhya Pradesh
Melghat	Maharashtra
Ranthambhor	Rajasthan
Corbett	Uttaranchal
Sundarbans	West Bengal
Manas	Assam
Manas	Assam
Periyar	Kerala
Sariska	Rajasthan
Buxar	West Bengal
Indravati	Madhya Pradesh
Nagarjuna Sagar	Andhra Pradesh
Namdapha	Arunachal Pradesh

HILL STATION OF INDIA

*Name*	*State*	*Height above Sea Level*
Almora (Kumaon hills)	Uttarakhand	5,500
Cherrapunji (shillong)	Meghalaya	4,455
Coonoor (Nilgiri hills)	Tamil Nadu	6,740
Dallhousie	Himachal Pradesh	7,867
Darjeeling	West Bengal	7,168
Gulmarg	Kashmir	8,850
Kasauli (Shimla)	Himachal Pradesh	7,200
Kodaikanal	Tamil Nadu	7,200
Mahabaleshwar	Maharashtra	4,500
Mt. Abu	Rajasthan	4,500
Mussoorie	Uttarakhand	7,500
Nainital	Uttarakhand	6,400
Ootacamund	Tamil Nadu	7,500
Pachmarhi	Madhya Pradesh	3,500
Rachi	Jharkhand	2,100
Shilling (Khasi hills)	Meghalaya	5,000
Shimla	Himachal Pradesh	7,000
Srinagar	Jammu & Kashmir	5,250

INDIAN CITIES ON RIVER BANKS

*Place*	*State*	*River*
Agra	UP	Yamuna
Ahmedabad	Gujarat	Sabarmati
Allahabad	UP	Confluence of Ganga, Yamuna & Saraswati
Alwaye	Kerala	Periyar
Ayodhya	UP	Sarayu
Badrinath	UP	Alaknanda
Bhagalpur	Bihar	Ganga
Buxar	Bihar	Ganga
Calcutta	West Bengal	Hooghly
Cuttack	Orissa	Mahanadi
Delhi	Delhi	Yamuna
Dibrugarh	Assam	Brahmaputra
Ferozepur	Punjab	Sutlej
Guwahati	Assam	Brahmaputra
Hardwar	UP	Ganga
Howrah	West Bengal	Hooghly
Hyderabad	Andhra Pradesh	Musi
Jabalpur	MP	Narmada
Kanpur	UP	Ganga
Ludhiana	Punjab	Sutlej
Mathura	UP	Yamuna
Moradabad	UP	Ramganga
Munger	Bihar	Ganga
Nasik	Maharashtra	Godavari
Patna	Bihar	Ganga
Srinagar	Jammu & Kashmir	Jhelum
Surat	Gujarat	Tapti
Tiruchirapalli	Tamil Nadu	Cauvery
Viijayawada	Andhra Pradesh	Krishna
Varanasi	UP	Ganga
Sekobaghat	Assam	Brahmaputra
Shrirangattanam (River Island)	Karnataka	Kaveri
Kurnool	Karnataka	Tungabhadra

WORLD CITIES ON RIVER BANKS

*City*	*Location*	*River*
Amsterdam	Netherlands	Amsel
Alexandria	Egypt	Nile
Bangkok	Thailand	Menan
Belgrade	Yugoslavia	Danube
Baghdad	Iraq	Tigris
Berlin	Germany	Spree
Bonn	Germany	Rhine
Budapest	Hungary	Danube
Cairo	Egypt	Nile
Calcutta	India	Hooghly
Canton	China	Canton
Hamburg	Germany	Elbe
Kabul	Afghanistan	Kabul
Karachi	Pakistan	Indus
Rangoon	Myanmar	Irrawady
Rome	Italy	Tiber
Shanghai	China	Yan-tse-Kiang
Khartoum	Sudan	Confluence of Blue and White Niles
Kiev	Russia	Dnieper
Lahore	Pakistan	Ravi
Leningrad	Russia	Neva
London	England	Thames
Lyons	France	At the confluence of Rhine and Seine
Mandalay	Myanmar	Irrawady
Montreal	Canada	St. Lawrence
Moscow	Russia	Moskva
New Delhi	India	Yamuna
New York	USA	Hudson
Ottawa	Canada	Ottawa
Paris	France	Seine
Prague	Czechoslovakia	Vitava
Quebec	Canada	St. Lawrence
Tokyo	Japan	Arakawa
Vienna	Austria	Danube
Warsaw	Plland	Vistula
Washington	USA	Potamac

COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD THEIR CAPITALS AND CURRENCIES

*Country*	*Capital*	*Currency*
Afghanistan	Kabul	Afghani
Albania	Tirana	Lek
Algeria	Algiers	Dinar
Angola	Luanda	Kwanza
Argentina	Buenos Aires	Peso
Australia	Canberra	Australian Dollar
Austria	Vienna	Schilling
Bahrain	Manama	Dinar
Bangladesh	Chaka	Taka
Barbados	Bridgetown	Dollar
Belgium	Brussels	Franc
Bhutan	Thimpu	Ngultrum
Bolivia	La paz	Peso
Botswana	Gaborone	Pula
Brazil	Brasillia	Cruzeiro
Bulgaria	Sofia	Lev
Burundi	Bujumbura	Franc
Cambodia	Phnom Penh	Riel
Cameroon	Yaounde	Franc
Canada	Ottawa	Dollar
Cape Verde	Praia	Escudo
Central African Republic (CAR)	Bangui	Franc
Chad	N’Djamena	Franc
Chile	Santiago	Peso
China	Beijing	Yuan
Colombia	Bogota	Peso
Costa Rica	San Jose	Colon
Cuba	Havana	Peso
Cyprus	Nicosia	Pound
Denmark	Copeahagen	Krone
Dominican Republic	Roseau	Dollar
Equador	Quito	Sucre
Egypt (UAR)	Cairo	Pound
El Salvador	San Salvador	Colon
Ethiopia	Addis Ababa	Birr
Fiji	Suva	Dollar
Finland	Helsinki	Markka
France	Paris	Franc
Gambia	Banjul	Dalasi
Germany	Berlin	Beutsche Mark
Czech Republic	Prague	Crown
Slovakia	Bratislava	Koruna
Ghana	Accra	Cedi
Greece	Athens	Drachma
Guatemala	Gutaemala City	Quetzal
Guinea	Conakry	Syli
Guinea-Bissau	Bissau	Escudo Peso
Guyana	Georgetown	Dollar
Haiti	Port-au-Prince	Gourde
Hong Kong	Victoria	Dollar
Hungary	Budapest	Forint
Iceland	Reykjavik	Krona
India	New Delhi	Rupee
Indonesia	Jakarata	Rupiah
Iran	Teheran	Rial
Iraq	Baghdad	Dinar
Ireland	Dublin	Pound
Israel	Jerusalem	Shekel
Italy	Rome	Lira
Ivory Coast	Abidjan	Franc
Jamaica	Kingston	Dollar
Japan	Tokyo	Yen
Jordan	Amman	Dinar
Kenya	Nairobi	Shilling
Korea (North)	Pyongyang	Won
Korea (South)	Seoul	Won
Serbia	Belgrade	Dinar
Croatia	Zagreb	Dinar
Slovenia	Ljubjana	Tolar
Montenegro	Titograd	Dinar
Bosnia-Herzegovina	Serajevo	Kuna
Macedonia	Skopje	Dinar

May 16, 2022 at 5:58 pm #27900

JaideepSingh2807

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Can u share this as pdf diii

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